A.
Philosophy of Science
We learn the actual philosophy can mean learning to think that free radical, systematic and comprehensive. Free thinking human being is entitled to think what it means without any restriction from anyone, because human beings are essentially people who think that this fact is the laws of nature have to do it, maybe even if people do not use common mind he referred to as a dead man. Radical thinking, that thinking to the roots. In fact, humans are creatures continually argued to determine the most basic truths. Humans will be competing to find the knowledge that others are not able to argue, so he will think up by the roots. Thinking systematically means to think in sequence according to the system adopted. Humans are creatures of thinking can potentially ranging from the simple to the level of the complex, he will find the problem and then he tries to solve it with the tools that he has so the problem will be completed. Thinking comprehensive, thoroughly think it means not partial, so that people are able to solve the problem wisely.
Philosophy itself is only briefly discussed man, nature and God. The third discussion is necessarily become "objects" the study of philosophy. Naturally, when talking about humans, it immediately appears a discussion about who is human, how humans manifest and to what humans have. While nature is the same, which is what the essence of nature, how the entities and for what nature manifest, even further when discussing philosophy about God, as well as questions that may arise for us too "remote" to be studied is who God is, how God manifest and to what form God.
If the above we have discussed about the philosophy of science, now how about we talk about the philosophy of science. Of course, both have similarities and differences. The parallels are both talking about man, nature and God, they are philosophies which would have the same scope, namely ontology, epistemology and axiology which all leads to knowledge, which is what science is, how humans acquire knowledge and science for what it is. Three questions are then known as ontology (nadzariyat al-shape), epistemology (nadzariyat al-ma'rifah) and axiology (nadzariyat al-qimah)
B. Ontology
Before discussing the ontology, then we need to know is "what" is actually captured by the mind, including sensing of all the sensing of all human experience, is mental. For Descartes it is real is cause to think a thought then that something then existing or known by the term "cogito ergo sum". Descartes deductively formulate his philosophy based on a statement of truth for him is not in doubt.
John Locke himself considered that the human mind can be likened to an initially slippery wax plate (tabula rasa) in which sensory experiences are then attached to the plate. Increasingly more and more collected sensory experience and a combination of these sensory experiences led to the idea so that more and more complicated. The mind can be likened to an organ that captures and stores sensory experience. Berkeley is famous for his statement "to be is to be perceived" (there is due to perceptual) from here then people begin to make sense of what is in this universe with a variety of human potential, there is a developing human potential so menafsiri spiritual essence of nature's own intentions -intentions that are supernatural (supernatural) and these beings are higher or more powerful than real nature. Understanding these schools became known as supernaturalism. As opposed to supernaturalism, then there Naturalism understood that rejects the notion that there are intentions that are supernatural. Materialism that is understood by Naturalism is, argued that natural phenomena are not caused by the influence of supernatural forces, but rather by the power contained within nature itself, which can be studied and thus we can know. The above discussion of the ontological philosophy into the conversation, because discussing the nature of the natural form. According Kasiram Ontology includes a discussion of what the nature of something that exists, which are universal, which is not bound by a particular model. The term ontology is used when discussing anything related to the development of science. Ontology components will limit what the nature of science claim that, for example: what is the legal nature of the law, what is the nature of the soul of psychology, what is the nature of science education education, and so on. Specific claim that the object of science is called the formal object of science. Formal object is what distinguishes science from each other sciences. While the material object, can be the same kind of science.
We learn the actual philosophy can mean learning to think that free radical, systematic and comprehensive. Free thinking human being is entitled to think what it means without any restriction from anyone, because human beings are essentially people who think that this fact is the laws of nature have to do it, maybe even if people do not use common mind he referred to as a dead man. Radical thinking, that thinking to the roots. In fact, humans are creatures continually argued to determine the most basic truths. Humans will be competing to find the knowledge that others are not able to argue, so he will think up by the roots. Thinking systematically means to think in sequence according to the system adopted. Humans are creatures of thinking can potentially ranging from the simple to the level of the complex, he will find the problem and then he tries to solve it with the tools that he has so the problem will be completed. Thinking comprehensive, thoroughly think it means not partial, so that people are able to solve the problem wisely.
Philosophy itself is only briefly discussed man, nature and God. The third discussion is necessarily become "objects" the study of philosophy. Naturally, when talking about humans, it immediately appears a discussion about who is human, how humans manifest and to what humans have. While nature is the same, which is what the essence of nature, how the entities and for what nature manifest, even further when discussing philosophy about God, as well as questions that may arise for us too "remote" to be studied is who God is, how God manifest and to what form God.
If the above we have discussed about the philosophy of science, now how about we talk about the philosophy of science. Of course, both have similarities and differences. The parallels are both talking about man, nature and God, they are philosophies which would have the same scope, namely ontology, epistemology and axiology which all leads to knowledge, which is what science is, how humans acquire knowledge and science for what it is. Three questions are then known as ontology (nadzariyat al-shape), epistemology (nadzariyat al-ma'rifah) and axiology (nadzariyat al-qimah)
B. Ontology
Before discussing the ontology, then we need to know is "what" is actually captured by the mind, including sensing of all the sensing of all human experience, is mental. For Descartes it is real is cause to think a thought then that something then existing or known by the term "cogito ergo sum". Descartes deductively formulate his philosophy based on a statement of truth for him is not in doubt.
John Locke himself considered that the human mind can be likened to an initially slippery wax plate (tabula rasa) in which sensory experiences are then attached to the plate. Increasingly more and more collected sensory experience and a combination of these sensory experiences led to the idea so that more and more complicated. The mind can be likened to an organ that captures and stores sensory experience. Berkeley is famous for his statement "to be is to be perceived" (there is due to perceptual) from here then people begin to make sense of what is in this universe with a variety of human potential, there is a developing human potential so menafsiri spiritual essence of nature's own intentions -intentions that are supernatural (supernatural) and these beings are higher or more powerful than real nature. Understanding these schools became known as supernaturalism. As opposed to supernaturalism, then there Naturalism understood that rejects the notion that there are intentions that are supernatural. Materialism that is understood by Naturalism is, argued that natural phenomena are not caused by the influence of supernatural forces, but rather by the power contained within nature itself, which can be studied and thus we can know. The above discussion of the ontological philosophy into the conversation, because discussing the nature of the natural form. According Kasiram Ontology includes a discussion of what the nature of something that exists, which are universal, which is not bound by a particular model. The term ontology is used when discussing anything related to the development of science. Ontology components will limit what the nature of science claim that, for example: what is the legal nature of the law, what is the nature of the soul of psychology, what is the nature of science education education, and so on. Specific claim that the object of science is called the formal object of science. Formal object is what distinguishes science from each other sciences. While the material object, can be the same kind of science.
C.Epistemologi
Knowledge is a mental repertoire of wealth that are directly or indirectly enrich our lives. It is hard to imagine how human life if there is no knowledge, because knowledge is a source of answers to many questions that arise in life. What should we do if only our children suffer from fever and seizures? Songs lullabies what should we sing so that he fell asleep? Had an excellent human being we love it then leave us then where we should turn the crisis grief?
Each type of knowledge is basically to answer certain types of questions asked. Therefore, in order that we can take advantage of all our knowledge to the fullest then we should know what the answer might be provided by a certain knowledge. Or in other words, we need to know the knowledge which a particular question we must ask. Had we asked "What will happen after people die?", The question was not content submitted to science but to the religion, because it ontologism sciences confine themselves to the study of objects that are within the scope of human experience, while also entering the religion of nature exploration area transcendental that are beyond our experience.
So in essence we are expecting the correct answer, the answer is not just any course. Then there was a problem, how do we construct the right knowledge? The problem is that in the study of philosophy called epistemology, and the foundation of epistemology of science is called the scientific method. In other words, the scientific method is the way science is done in developing the right knowledge.
The term epistemology comes from the word "episteme" meaning knowledge and "logos" meaning theory. Etymologically it means epistemological theory of knowledge. Epistemology is a branch of philosophy of science who question or investigate the origin, composition, method and knowledge of truth. According to "Langeveld," the theory of knowledge to talk about the nature of knowledge, knowledge of the elements and structure of various types of knowledge, tumpuannya a fundamental base, the method and its limits. (Burhanuddin Regards, 1997:97). Epistemology discuss in depth all the processes involved in acquiring knowledge. In other words, knowledge is acquired through a certain process called the scientific method or scientific method. Activities in seeking knowledge about anything as long as it is limited to the empirical and the knowledge gained by using the scientific method, then legitimately be called science. The adjective better reflect the nature of scientific knowledge in terms of science as a noun. The essence of science is determined by the way of thinking is done according to the requirement of knowledge is to be open and to uphold truth above anything else. (Jujun S Suriasumantri, 2003:9).
According to Amos Neolaka, that epistemology is a combination of thinking rationally and empirically, the synthesis and dialectical. Science aims to develop a systematic knowledge that is consistent and oriented to the human experience. Rationalists tend to think consistent, systematic and theoretical, the empirical grapple with the facts, but do not establish a theoretical framework. That is why the epistemological, the scientific method is the operationalization of epistemology, knowledge gained so different from the other knowledge. So characteristic of science is empirical ontology and epistemology characteristic of science is the scientific method.
In a note to mention that Kasiram Epistemology discusses the process and the validity or truth of science. Thus, epistemology discuss about the source, the means and manner of use of those means to reach the truth of knowledge about something. Science is developed now with the methodology that we now know a lot more reach epistemologik truth, not reach substantive truth-essentials. (Noeng Muhajir, 1998:55). Then the components of epistemology, which will discuss how the correct procedure for acquiring knowledge of science and how to develop it. Procedures to obtain true knowledge is called research methodology. Every science that has stood alone must have a distinctive research methodology, which is suitable, although similar science as social science that has the same material object, can use the same research methodology. Nevertheless, you still have to have the technical peculiarities own methodological
D.Aksiologi
As a branch of philosophy, axiology refers to the study or theory of value. Exploring the science foundation aksiologik means examining the relationship between science, morals and values. Actually, issues and debates aksiologik emerging science with the birth and development. For what exactly science should be used? The direction in which the development of science must be driven? Where is the limit of the exploration of normative science?
1. Science and moral
Copernican revolution against doktris geosentrisisme and offers heliosentrisisme, for example, proves how science has been in contact with the statement of the problem of value, especially as taught by religion at the time. This story was continued until the trial of Galileo. But it was Galileo who managed to give intelligent answers to the problems in the interface between science and religion. Separation of science from religion, as well as the philosophy of theology, has influenced the development of the Renaissance era and the next thought.
Valiantly, the pioneers of modern science striving to uphold basic principles of science to interpret the world as it is (das Sein) and not the world as it should be (das sollen). Because interpreting the world as it is, the slogan used is value-free science. Through a long fight and take a number of casualties, finally getting accepted autonomy of science to study the world as it is.
The development of advanced science, inevitably, lead to the adoption of the practice problems. His form, transformed science into technology and engineering. Precisely when science enters teknologik this stage, moral issues pushed back. For what use science? What if the development of science and technology leads to the dehumanization process?
There are two groups of scientists based penyikapannya the relationship of science and technology with the morals and values. The first group still requires that science and scientists are neutral. The second category, would that even metaphysically neutral science, technology seara should be aligned or at least based on moral principles. While the first group wanted to continue the tradition of neutrality of science seara spotted, the second group to be more pragmatic. Science is morally should be directed to the good of mankind, and never be demeaning or change human nature.
2. Social Responsibilities of Scientists
Originally the work of science and knowledge of individual (personal knowledge). Only when personal knowledge is communicated (articulated knowledge), science becomes objective knowledge (objective knowledge) and reviewed openly by the public. Therefore, as a scientist personally bear social responsibility. Position one becomes a scientist, makes it have a social function as a scientist.
Devices social responsibility of scientists terrangkum partly in the social attitudes of the scientists who study the science is consistent with what he did. Normally scientists agreed that partisanship on the value acceptable as far as the selection of assessment issues. Hence, a number of scholars have asserted the significance of the study looked at both the theoretical, practical-pragmatic, and normative. Furthermore, after the findings obtained and conclusions presented, it is the duty of scientists to provide the proper perspective, about the advantages and disadvantages, of both good and bad, so that the objective can be reached completion.
Short sentences, based on the ability and knowledge of a scientist should be able to influence opinion and public awareness of the problems they face. Thus social responsibility will lead scientists to not get stuck in a constant attitude of elitist and esoteric. Scientists are required to not only have the knowledge and power of analysis that is reliable, but it also has the personal integrity and have the skills to communicate in layman's language.
A scientist is also required to have an attitude that is in line with the spirit of the truth. Obstacles, a scientist can be stuck to seek justification and not truth, seeking finesse rationalization rather than rational reasoning. Variety of human self-interest, ranging from wealth, power, fame can trap up to scientists to abandon the attitude and behavior of disorganized thinking and meticulous involving both the mind and matter of thought.
The nature of science, when lived properly, will have implications for conduct for a scientist. Respect for the truth will affect the moral views of scientists, because the truth has become a way of life. Therefore, it is natural that scientists are not only capable convey information but also set an example for society. These include attitudes such noble objective, open, willing to accept and give criticism, steadfast stance in the truth, but also willing to admit mistakes and limitations.
A number of principles of scientific ethics should be a scientist so that it can handle with intelligent and thoughtful answer the dilemma of the use of nuclear and genetic engineering dilemmas. Similarly, the open attitude of a scientist requires him to recognize goodness and truth other than the goodness and truth of science. Anyhow, science is not the only support human civilization. However, when the scientists to be consequent to the intellectual and moral outlook, it is expected to be one of the joints of human civilization will be firm.
E. Science and Culture
Although compared to other human beings weaker, because it does not have a good enough ability to act instinctively, it was offset by the lack of other capabilities: the ability to learn; communicating objects and master the physical. The ability to learn is made possible by the development of intelligence and symbolic thinking. Especially more so humans have a mind which is a psychological pattern that it contains impulses of life. Budi is causing humans to develop a meaningful relationship with the natural surroundings with the ratings given to objects and events. Option value is the purpose and content of culture.
Cultural values are the soul of the culture and to form the basis of all culture. In addition to these cultural values embodied in the form of governance of cultural life that is human activities that reflect the cultural values they contain. Basically the system is a reflection of real life cultural values that are abstract: human activities can be captured by the senses while cultural values tertangguk only by the human mind. In addition, the value of the culture and governance of human life is sustained by cultural manifestation in the form of cultural facilities. Means culture is basically a cultural product or tool that provides user-Bohemian.
The whole face of the culture is closely related to education for all materials contained within a human culture consciously acquired through the learning process. Through this learning culture passed on from one generation to the next generation. Thus, the culture passed on from time to time: past cultures coexisting in the present and contemporary culture passed on to the future. Culture has the ability to bind to time. Plants binding chemicals, animal tie the room, but only humans are capable of binding a time.
Allport, Vernon and Lindzey (1951) identifies six fundamental values in a culture that values theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political and religious. Value theory is the nature of the discovery of truth through various methods such as rationalism, empiricism and the scientific method. The economic value includes the functionality of various objects in meeting human needs. Aesthetic values associated with beauty and artistic aspects concerning among other forms, harmonies and other art form that gives pleasure to man. Social value orientation to human relationships and human aspects emphasis was sublime. Value-centered political power and influence both in public life and politics. While the appreciation of religious values embrace the mystical and transcendental in man's efforts to understand and give meaning to his presence on earth. Every culture has a hierarchy of scales on which is more important and what is less important than the values as well as having its own assessment of each category.
When the Indonesian people want to go forward, then we must focus on the values that are relevant to a modern society that is being developed. Compared with the traditional societies of modern society have sebagti following indicators: (a) more analytic where most aspects of social life based on the principles of efficiency both technically and economically, and (b) more individual than communal, especially in terms of In terms of the development of human potential and survival issues.
The first indicator gives an important place to the theory of value and economic value. Value theory is particularly closely related to aspects of reasoning (reasoning), science and technology. While the economic value based on the use of economic resources and objects more effectively and efficiently based on calculations eg responsible patterns of consumption. The second indicator cause a shift in social values and the value of power (politics). Both of these values should be more oriented to self-confidence and courage to take their own decisions.
Although compared to other human beings weaker, because it does not have a good enough ability to act instinctively, it was offset by the lack of other capabilities: the ability to learn; communicating objects and master the physical. The ability to learn is made possible by the development of intelligence and symbolic thinking. Especially more so humans have a mind which is a psychological pattern that it contains impulses of life. Budi is causing humans to develop a meaningful relationship with the natural surroundings with the ratings given to objects and events. Option value is the purpose and content of culture.
Cultural values are the soul of the culture and to form the basis of all culture. In addition to these cultural values embodied in the form of governance of cultural life that is human activities that reflect the cultural values they contain. Basically the system is a reflection of real life cultural values that are abstract: human activities can be captured by the senses while cultural values tertangguk only by the human mind. In addition, the value of the culture and governance of human life is sustained by cultural manifestation in the form of cultural facilities. Means culture is basically a cultural product or tool that provides user-Bohemian.
The whole face of the culture is closely related to education for all materials contained within a human culture consciously acquired through the learning process. Through this learning culture passed on from one generation to the next generation. Thus, the culture passed on from time to time: past cultures coexisting in the present and contemporary culture passed on to the future. Culture has the ability to bind to time. Plants binding chemicals, animal tie the room, but only humans are capable of binding a time.
Allport, Vernon and Lindzey (1951) identifies six fundamental values in a culture that values theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political and religious. Value theory is the nature of the discovery of truth through various methods such as rationalism, empiricism and the scientific method. The economic value includes the functionality of various objects in meeting human needs. Aesthetic values associated with beauty and artistic aspects concerning among other forms, harmonies and other art form that gives pleasure to man. Social value orientation to human relationships and human aspects emphasis was sublime. Value-centered political power and influence both in public life and politics. While the appreciation of religious values embrace the mystical and transcendental in man's efforts to understand and give meaning to his presence on earth. Every culture has a hierarchy of scales on which is more important and what is less important than the values as well as having its own assessment of each category.
When the Indonesian people want to go forward, then we must focus on the values that are relevant to a modern society that is being developed. Compared with the traditional societies of modern society have sebagti following indicators: (a) more analytic where most aspects of social life based on the principles of efficiency both technically and economically, and (b) more individual than communal, especially in terms of In terms of the development of human potential and survival issues.
The first indicator gives an important place to the theory of value and economic value. Value theory is particularly closely related to aspects of reasoning (reasoning), science and technology. While the economic value based on the use of economic resources and objects more effectively and efficiently based on calculations eg responsible patterns of consumption. The second indicator cause a shift in social values and the value of power (politics). Both of these values should be more oriented to self-confidence and courage to take their own decisions.
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